Some basic concepts of chemistry

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆


● Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.
● Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

➜ States of Matter: 

➾ Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas.
● Solids have a definite shape and volume. 
●  liquid have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
● Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume.

➜ Properties of Matter:

● Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition (e.g., color, density, melting point).
● Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances to form new substances (e.g., flammability, reactivity).

➜ Element, Compound, and Mixture:

● An element is a pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number.
● A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed ratios.
● A mixture is a physical blend of two or more substances, each retaining its own properties.

➜ Atomic Structure:

● An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.
It consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons in energy levels surrounding the nucleus.


➜ Chemical Bonding:

● Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to form molecules or compounds.
● Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

➜ Chemical Reactions:

● Chemical reactions involve the transformation of reactants into products through the breaking and formation of chemical bonds.
● Reactants are the substance which take part in a chemical reaction. 
● Products are the resulting substances.

➜ Chemical Equations:

● Chemical reactions are represented using chemical equations, with reactants on the left and products on the right.
Coefficients indicate the relative quantities of reactants and products.

➜ Laws of Chemical Combination:

● The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in a chemical reaction, mass is conserved; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

● The Law of Definite Proportions states that a compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.

➜ Dalton's Atomic Theory:

● Dalton's theory proposed that elements are composed of indivisible atoms.
● Atoms of different elements can combine to form compounds.
● Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.

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