Some basic concepts of chemistry

๐—œ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐˜‚๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐˜๐—ผ ๐—–๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—บ๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜๐—ฟ๐˜†


โ— Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.
โ— Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

โžœ States of Matter: 

โžพ Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas.
โ— Solids have a definite shape and volume. 
โ—  liquid have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
โ— Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume.

โžœ Properties of Matter:

โ— Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition (e.g., color, density, melting point).
โ— Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances to form new substances (e.g., flammability, reactivity).

โžœ Element, Compound, and Mixture:

โ— An element is a pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number.
โ— A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed ratios.
โ— A mixture is a physical blend of two or more substances, each retaining its own properties.

โžœ Atomic Structure:

โ— An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.
It consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons in energy levels surrounding the nucleus.


โžœ Chemical Bonding:

โ— Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to form molecules or compounds.
โ— Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

โžœ Chemical Reactions:

โ— Chemical reactions involve the transformation of reactants into products through the breaking and formation of chemical bonds.
โ— Reactants are the substance which take part in a chemical reaction. 
โ— Products are the resulting substances.

โžœ Chemical Equations:

โ— Chemical reactions are represented using chemical equations, with reactants on the left and products on the right.
Coefficients indicate the relative quantities of reactants and products.

โžœ Laws of Chemical Combination:

โ— The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in a chemical reaction, mass is conserved; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

โ— The Law of Definite Proportions states that a compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.

โžœ Dalton's Atomic Theory:

โ— Dalton's theory proposed that elements are composed of indivisible atoms.
โ— Atoms of different elements can combine to form compounds.
โ— Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.

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