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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁 ● The mole concept is a fundamental principle in chemistry that helps us quantify and understand the world of atoms and molecules. ➜ Defining the Mole: ● The mole (mol) is a unit of measurement used to count entities on the atomic and molecular scale. ● 1 mole contains Avogadro's number of entities, which is approximately 6.022 × 10²³ particles. ➜ Avogadro's Number: ● Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³) is the number of atoms, molecules, or ions in one mole of a substance. ● It provides a bridge between macroscopic and microscopic scales, allowing us to relate mass and number of particles. ➜ Molar Mass:  ● Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). ● For elements, molar mass is numerically equal to the atomic mass in atomic mass units (amu). ● For compounds, molar mass is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule. ➜ Conversions Using the Mol...

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆 ●  Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. ●  Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. ➜ States of Matter:  ➾ Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. ●  Solids have a definite shape and volume.  ●   liquid  have a definite volume but take the shape of their container. ●  Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. ➜ Properties of Matter: ●  Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition (e.g., color, density, melting point). ●  Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances to form new substances (e.g., flammability, reactivity). ➜ Element, Compound, and Mixture: ● An element is a pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number. ● A compound is a substan...

Work and Energy Introduction: ● Work and energy are fundamental concepts in physics that help us understand the behavior of objects and the forces acting on them. ● These concepts are crucial in various fields like mechanics, engineering, and physics. 1. Work: ● Work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. ● Mathematically, work (W) is given by: W = Force (F) × Displacement (d) × cos(θ). ● Work can be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the angle between the force and displacement vectors. ● Positive work occurs when the force and displacement are in the same direction.  ● Negative work occurs when they are in opposite directions. ● Zero work occurs when there is no displacement or the force and displacement are perpendicular. 2. Units of Work: ● The SI unit of work is the Joule (J). ● 1 Joule is equal to the work done when a force of 1 Newton (N) moves an object through a distance of 1 mete...